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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

Thinking Beyond the PDF

January 2011 by Duff Johnson
Article


Duff Johnson considers the Beyond the PDF workshop and suggests PDF/E as a means of developing real-world solutions for science publishing.

Duff Johnson
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January 2011 by Duff Johnson
Duff Johnson
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Duff Johnson reviews a recent report on PDF content accessibility produced by the Australian federal government. The Report accurately characterizes … Read more

Article

October 2010 by A Historic Setting for the 4th PDF/A Conference Sets the Stage for the Future

The PDF/A Competence Center, the professional association of the PDF/A community, expects great progress in PDF/A adoption over the next … Read more

Article

October 2010 by Duff Johnson
Duff Johnson
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NOTE: Since this article was published the ISO specification for PDF/A has added new “parts”. Visit the PDF/A resource page … Read more

Article

June 2009 by XMP Metadata in PDF/A – European Patent Documents in PDF/A

The European Patent Convention says up to 4,000 new patent applications and specifications are published every week. Since its foundation … Read more

Article

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