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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

PDF 2.0 interop events: risk management and efficiency

February 2017 by PDF 2.0 interop events: risk management and efficiency
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Some customers will decide to make the jump to PDF 2.0. Others will be blissfully unaware that it’s heading toward them. Many will ask you about your plans, and how … Read more

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December 2016 by Matt Kuznicki
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Designed around the subjects of archiving and accessibility, PDF Day Australia brought a number of international PDF experts together for … Read more

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November 2016 by PDF Association staff
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Postscript took off like a rocket, but PDF took its time. Many people wondered “What’s it for?” In this video, … Read more

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August 2016 by Duff Johnson
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ECM needs a common portable container to move information management to the next level.

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August 2016 by PDF Association staff
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You missed the PDF Days Europe 2016? Never mind!

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August 2016 by PDF Association staff
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My interview with Nikos Andronikos, who chairs the W3C’s SVG Working Group (WG), about SVG and PDF.

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July 2016 by PDF Association staff
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Governments have a special interest in PDF. The PDF Association helps them understand and address PDF technology in policies and … Read more

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June 2016 by PDF Association staff
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This year, PDF Days Europe is well-established as the world’s top PDF event. Over 150 attendees came to Berlin for … Read more

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June 2016 by PDF Association staff
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I’m honored to have been elected as chairman of the PDF Association’s board of directors in June 2016. Here, I’d … Read more

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June 2016 by PDF Association staff
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About 150 attendees from all over the world visited the PDF Days Europe 2016 in Berlin.

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June 2016 by PDF Association staff
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Browsers are taking over document viewing. Even so, minimum support for PDF viewing should mean full support for PDF rendering

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