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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

PDF Days Europe 2015 – Special Topics

March 2015 by PDF Association staff
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Can’t get enough of PDF? – Stay in Cologne!

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March 2015 by PDF Association staff
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A biplane is less complex than an airliner, but that’s not a good reason to travel by Sopwith Camel! So … Read more

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March 2015 by PDF Association staff
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Building on the previous success of last year’s event, PDF Days Europe 2015 will begin with “Educational Day”. Assemble your … Read more

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March 2015 by PDF Association staff
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Videos from the December, 2014 PDF Day events in Washington DC and New York City.

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March 2015 by PDF Association staff
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Nitro partnered with the PDF Association to conduct a survey of 1,200+ knowledge workers to learn more about the ways … Read more

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January 2015 by PDF Association staff
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The ability to embed any file format into a PDF/A-3 file makes use of PDF’s ‘container’ principle. This feature also … Read more

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January 2015 by PDF Association staff
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The main challenge when archiving emails is the absolute menagerie of different file formats a business has to deal with.

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January 2015 by PDF Association staff
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PDF files have long proven popular for invoices and other documents transacted during routine business. ZUGFeRD has the potential to … Read more

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January 2015 by Output Management for SAP and PDF/A
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SAP’s product range includes a powerful document management system (DMS). Its wide range of structuring options bring order to document-based … Read more

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January 2015 by PDF Association staff
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Industries which exchange large volumes of documents with their customers – financial services, insurance, energy and others – are currently … Read more

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January 2015 by PDF Association staff
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Although PDF technology has enormous potential in mobile devices, tagged PDF is still ignored by screen readers on every mobile … Read more

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