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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

The unsung hero in the “paper wars”

November 2014 by PDF Association staff
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PDF is the big gun in the war on paper. It’s time the ECM industry gave up its TIFF based model for electronic documents and embraced the Portable Document Format.

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November 2014 by PDF Association staff
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With the PDF Days, taking place in the USA for the first time, the PDF Association is offering IT executives … Read more

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November 2014 by PDF Association staff
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As a fixed-format electronic record PDF has no real competition, but few law-firms systematically leverage PDF to reduce risks and … Read more

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November 2014 by PDF Association staff
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Although they are utterly reliant on PDF, modern financial services institutions still leverage only the most rudimentary fraction of PDF’s … Read more

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October 2014 by PDF Association staff
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Mere publication of a specification doesn’t make a standard: it takes a community. Of course, it also helps if the … Read more

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October 2014 by PDF Association staff
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Government requirements for electronic documents include considerations most businesses don’t need to address. From long-term archivability to accessibility, authenticity, redaction … Read more

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October 2014 by PDF Association staff
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At PDF Day in Washington DC and New York City, CIOs will get the information they need about PDF/A-3, the … Read more

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October 2014 by PDF Association staff
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PDF Day brings CIOs together to learn how PDF support for digital signatures, automated invoicing, online collaboration and accessibility take … Read more

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October 2014 by PDF Association staff
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Fundamentally, PDF/A is all about reducing risks. Learn more about the archival subset of the world’s chosen electronic document format … Read more

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October 2014 by PDF Association staff
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PDF Day in New York is 18 fast-paced educational sessions packed with non-commercial information for IT executives on a range … Read more

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October 2014 by PDF Association staff
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PDF Day in Washington DC is 18 fast-paced educational sessions packed with non-commercial information for IT executives on a range … Read more

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