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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

Liaison with TC 42 brings HDR closer

September 2024 by PDF Association staff
Article, For members only


PDF Association members – especially those working on PDF’s imaging model – can now access TC 42 WG 23 resources directly from pdfa.org.

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August 2024 by Peter Wyatt
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Does your PDF viewer fully support page labels? Does your PDF authoring software? Support for page labels can be a … Read more

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August 2024 by PDF Association staff
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The third PDF Week of 2024 will be hosted by Charles University in the beautiful city of Prague, in the … Read more

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August 2024 by PDF Association staff
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Devs must VALIDATE before applying ISO-standardized subset metadata to PDFs! | PDF Week Prague accommodations | OPF patches JHOVE | … Read more

PDF in the Wild

August 2024 by PDF Association staff
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Starting today, PDF users everywhere can leverage ISO-standardized accessibility requirements for content in PDF.

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July 2024 by PDF Association staff
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Wired likes PDF/A, Google and Apple do PDF creation from phone cameras, EA-PDF is already in the wild, the latest … Read more

PDF in the Wild

July 2024 by PDF Association staff
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The latest PDF 2.0 Errata Collection 2 is a complete update and replacement for the previous no-cost sponsored edition of … Read more

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July 2024 by Peter Wyatt
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To avoid confusing and frustrating users, applications can and should be robustly prepared for significant changes to PDF – with … Read more

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July 2024 by Peter Wyatt
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These synthetic files are intended for user experience and human-computer interaction (HCI) specialists to assess the behavior of their current … Read more

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June 2024 by PDF Association staff
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This members-only technical resource lists PDF-aware forensic tools that allow technical examination, editing, and/ or low-level technical analysis of general … Read more

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June 2024 by PDF Association staff
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A new members-only resource supports forensic experts tasks with examination of PDF files.

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