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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

PDF in 2016: Broader, deeper, richer

December 2015 by PDF Association staff
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The coming year means more PDF files, more PDF creators supporting PDF/UA and leveraging PDF/A-3. The space continues to grow, and it’s going to grow even faster with PDF 2.0.

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December 2015 by PDF Association staff
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These videos total over 20 hours of high-quality technical education and perspective, from panel sessions to technical deep-dives.

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December 2015 by PDF Association staff
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The popular PDF Days Europe will be even more attractive. It’s not just the new location in the metropolis of … Read more

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December 2015 by PDF Association staff
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Use our new express form to publish your posts on pdfa.org.

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October 2015 by PDF Association staff
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The TWAIN Working Group (TWG) announced its partnership with the PDF Association.

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October 2015 by PDF Association staff
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With a month remaining before the doors open for the PDF Accessibility Days in Copenhagen on November 12-13, 2015 , … Read more

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October 2015 by PDF Association staff
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A few weeks ahead of the PDF Accessibility Days 2015 in Copenhagen, Olaf Drümmer interviewed Ted Page, who will be … Read more

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October 2015 by PDF Association staff
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Taken together, PDF’s features describe a format of such flexibility and power that it will define the essential “electronic document” … Read more

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September 2015 by PDF Association staff
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Most browsers now support some basic PDF features natively. What’s next for PDF on the web?

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September 2015 by PDF Association staff
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Platform technologies provide the infrastructure for the applications end users actually use, whether some kind of cloud or simply leveraging … Read more

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August 2015 by PDF Association staff
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PDF Technical Conference 2015: With over 40 presentations and podium discussions, conference attendees will benefit from intensive technical education on … Read more

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