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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

Industry to ratify first set of proposed resolutions to PDF 2.0 specification issues

February 2021 by Peter Wyatt
News


The recently-announced pdf-issues GitHub repo already has 25 issues, with 12 proposed resolutions for review in the next PDF TWG meeting.

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January 2021 by Duff Johnson
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PDF/A-4 is essential to losslessly archiving PDF files that use current-generation PDF 2.0 technology… even including scanned documents. From modern … Read more

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January 2021 by PDF Association staff
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The members of the PDF Association have adopted a new Intellectual Property Rights Policy to make it easier for experts … Read more

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January 2021 by PDF Association staff
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The LaTeX Project recently became a Liaison Member of the PDF Association to help accelerate the development of tagged and … Read more

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January 2021 by Carsten Luedtge (Compart GmbH)
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How do companies stay agile enough in their document and output management to meet increasing customer expectations for speed and … Read more

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January 2021 by Duff Johnson
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To support industry uptake of PDF 2.0, the specification’s ISO Project Leaders, working through the PDF Association, have established a … Read more

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December 2020 by PDF Association staff
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27 years after Adobe shipped the first PDF viewer the portable document format has replaced paper as the final format … Read more

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December 2020 by PDF Association staff
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A brief survey of ISO 32000-2:2020 and its associated subset standards for archiving, print, transactional and variable print and raster … Read more

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December 2020 by PDF Association staff
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The 2020 edition includes a number of critical updates to normative references as well as other corrections and clarifications. It … Read more

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December 2020 by PDF Association staff
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The US National Archives and Records Administration’s new proposal for standardization of digitization of permanent federal records is available for … Read more

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November 2020 by PDF Association staff
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Those seeking PDF technology solutions used to have to do all the hard work of identifying and soliciting competent vendors. … Read more

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