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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

New US Federal Government Transfer Guidance Released

February 2014 by PDF Association staff
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The US National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), the agency responsible for long-term federal government records, has published NARA Bulletin 2014-004, their Transfer Guidance for federal agencies.

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February 2014 by Phil Spreier
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For 3D PDF documents, this post describes how to change the center of rotation for the Rotate Tool.

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January 2014 by PDF Association staff
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Longtime chairman of the US Committee for PDF/UA, Duff Johnson maintains a page listing software providing PDF/UA functionality as well … Read more

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January 2014 by PDF Association staff
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Accessibility isn’t easy. For implementers and product managers alike who are responsible for supporting accessibility in PDF, this article describes … Read more

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August 2013 by PDF Association staff
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The Swiss non-profit foundation “Access for all” has published the PDF Accessibility Checker (PAC 2) the world’s first tool for … Read more

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June 2013 by PDF Association staff
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“PDF/UA in a Nutshell” will show you just what PDF/UA is. This brochure provides a clear summary of the key … Read more

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June 2013 by PDF Association staff
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At 20 years of age PDF has remained very cool with customers and end users. Largely immune to the buzz … Read more

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February 2013 by PDF Association staff
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Where did PDF/A come from?

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June 2012 by Nicole Gauger
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To promote awareness of PDF/UA, the forthcoming ISO Standard for accessible PDF, the PDF Association has partnered with the non-profit-organisation … Read more

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January 2012 by Duff Johnson
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The twice-annual PDF Standards Week for the winter of 2011-2012 was hosted by Microsoft in their Bravern facility in Bellevue, … Read more

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September 2011 by Olaf Drümmer
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The PDF/A Competence Center is now part of a larger organization dedicated to promoting International Standards for PDF. As the … Read more

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