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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

PDF 2.0: The worldwide standard for electronic documents has evolved

August 2017 by Duff Johnson
Article


The Portable Document Format is perhaps the most common example of a de facto standard, so much so that Wikipedia features PDF on its “de facto standards” page. From Ethernet … Read more

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August 2017 by PDF Association staff
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The latest release of veraPDF, the industry-supported PDF/A validator, is now available for download.

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August 2017 by Matt Kuznicki
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The PDF Association is proud to present the first PDF 2.0 example files made available to the public. Created and … Read more

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August 2017 by PDF Association staff
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The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has announced the publication of ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0), the latest version of the … Read more

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July 2017 by PDF Association staff
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Replacing AIIM at the US TAG Administrator and secretary for ISO TC 171 SC 2, the 3D PDF Consortium, a … Read more

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July 2017 by PDF Association staff
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The Portable Document Format (commonly known as “PDF”) is a file format developed in the early 1990s as a way … Read more

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July 2017 by PDF Association staff
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The PDF Association, a not-for-profit organization designed to foster universal public standards for PDF technology, today announced the publication of … Read more

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July 2017 by PDF 2.0 interops help vendors

The PDF 2.0 interop workshops included many vendors with products for creating, editing and processing PDF files. They came together … Read more

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June 2017 by PDF Association staff
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2017 marks a record number of attendees / Experts shared fully-grounded wisdom on PDF standards across the two-day event Berlin. … Read more

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June 2017 by PDF Association staff
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Version 1.6 features the ability to check for updated software, among other enhancements and corrections.

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June 2017 by PDF Association staff
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Australia adopts the complete set of PDF standards as Australian National Standards.

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