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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

What you may be missing when you search PDF documents

February 2016 by Duff Johnson
Article


PDF files can be hard to search with confidence. Here’s why it matters, how it happens, and what you can do about it.

Duff Johnson
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February 2016 by Duff Johnson
Duff Johnson
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Videos and presentations from the November, 2015 PDF Accessibility Days are now available!

News

February 2016 by Duff Johnson
Duff Johnson
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Now a Partner Organization, the 3D PDF Consortium will bring the experience of 3D PDF development and implementation to the … Read more

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January 2016 by PDF Association staff
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An R&D engineer at heart and an active PDF software developer, Peter brings new energy to the Project Leader role.

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January 2016 by Matthias Wagner
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This is an incremental bugfix release based on the earlier 1.8.10 release. It contains a couple of fixes and small … Read more

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January 2016 by PDF Association staff
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PDF/VT Application Notes available

Article

December 2015 by Duff Johnson
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veraPDF 0.8 includes several updated features and a variety of bug-fixes.

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December 2015 by PDF Association staff
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Download the first public draft of the PDF Structure Elements Best Practice Guide today!

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December 2015 by PDF Association staff
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The coming year means more PDF files, more PDF creators supporting PDF/UA and leveraging PDF/A-3. The space continues to grow, … Read more

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December 2015 by Duff Johnson
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Videos from the PDF Technical Conference are now posted!

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December 2015 by PDF Association staff
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These videos total over 20 hours of high-quality technical education and perspective, from panel sessions to technical deep-dives.

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