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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

The PDF world mourns John Warnock, Adobe co-founder who created and inspired our industry

August 2023 by Duff Johnson
Article


The PDF industry mourns the passing of the Adobe founder and visionary whose inventions and insights led to the creation of PDF.

Duff Johnson
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August 2023 by Peter Wyatt
Peter Wyatt
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PDF is a large, complex specification! Developers often look for first steps in its implementation. This article offers some suggestions.

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July 2023 by Duff Johnson
Duff Johnson
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Overcoming ossification requires everyone to agree on the strategy and specific technical changes affecting all stakeholders.

Article

July 2023 by Matthew Hardy
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The PDF Association is proud to announce the release of “ISO/TS 32005 Document management – Portable Document Format – PDF … Read more

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July 2023 by Paul Rayius (Allyant)
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This update from the PDF/UA Processor LWG includes an example of its work mapping PDF’s structure types to web accessibility … Read more

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July 2023 by Thomas Zellmann
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Why PDF 2.0 is the definition of PDF every developer should use – even if your products don’t support PDF … Read more

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June 2023 by Matthias Wagner
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What if you could simply ask a question to a PDF file? What if you could receive answers that are … Read more

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June 2023 by Patrick Gallot
Patrick Gallot
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Patrick Gallot explains his personal financial support for a forthcoming documentary on the development of the PDF format.

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June 2023 by Duff Johnson
Duff Johnson
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The last 30 years have revealed some persistent truths about how people use and think about information and communication.

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May 2023 by Peter Wyatt
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This new corpus – nearly 8 million PDFs totaling about 8 TB – was gathered from across the web in … Read more

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May 2023 by Peter Wyatt
Peter Wyatt
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A new PDF Association service will provide targeted test-cases to highlight interoperability issues resolved in the latest PDF specification.

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