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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

PDF Forms to be discussed in Paris

March 2023 by John Brinkman
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The May meeting of the PDF Forms TWG will begin work on a draft specification for declarative forms in PDF.

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March 2023 by Roman Toda
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The Deriving HTML from PDF TWG’s specification is an important part of their program of work as it supports one … Read more

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March 2023 by Matthew Hardy
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The goal of the Well-Tagged PDF (WTPDF) specification is to ensure high-quality documents that are suitable for content reuse, extraction, … Read more

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March 2023 by Markus Erle
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The PDF Accessibility Liaison Working Group (LWG) is taking aim at providing a full set of techniques to demonstrate correct … Read more

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March 2023 by Dietrich von Seggern (callas software GmbH)
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PDF/A – the ISO standard for long-term archiving – now has four sub-standards. This raises an obvious question: which one … Read more

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March 2023 by Patrick Gallot
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The 3D and RichMedia Technical Working Groups will be combining for an in-person session during PDF Week 2023 Paris to … Read more

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March 2023 by Matthias Valvekens
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The Digital Signature Technical Working Group chair lays out the work to be discussed at PDF Week Paris 2023.

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February 2023 by PDF Association staff
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Join your PDF industry colleagues to learn and share while advancing PDF technology for all stakeholders.

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February 2023 by Paul Rayius (Allyant)
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The PDF/UA Processor LWG will continue the work of developing a processor and AT specification to help drive better accessible … Read more

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February 2023 by Peter Wyatt
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The joint Australian and New Zealand national committee on Records and Document Management Systems recommendation to both Standards Australia and … Read more

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January 2023 by PDF Association staff
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A new type of PDF Association event, PDF Week is the ideal way to get to know the experts developing … Read more

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