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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

Introducing the PDF Reuse Technical Working Group

September 2020 by Matthew Hardy (Adobe)
PDF Association news


The PDF Reuse TWG is facilitating the reuse of document content and semantics on a diverse set of devices and in a broad range of applications. This work also facilitates … Read more

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September 2020 by Dietrich von Seggern (callas software GmbH)
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Dietrich von Seggern talks about an example in which the internet community came up with a smart solution for a … Read more

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August 2020 by PDF Association staff
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This free educational webinar series celebrates PDF technology capabilities and solutions. OctoberPDFest highlights the latest developments, visions of the future … Read more

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August 2020 by Dietrich von Seggern (callas software GmbH)
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Ensuring maximum success in RPA processes requires uniformity (standardization) in inputs. That’s where PDF can help.

Article

July 2020 by PDF Association staff
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The PDF Association is assembling dozens of the world’s leading experts on PDF technology for a free educational webinar series … Read more

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July 2020 by Ferass Elrayes
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Google’s Chrome browser now creates tagged PDF files when the “Save as PDF” option is selected (Control / Command-P).

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July 2020 by PDF Association staff
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This WG identifies and addresses the interests of service bureau operators working on PDF accessibility, providing a vendor-neutral place to … Read more

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July 2020 by Dietrich von Seggern
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This article provides information about virtual ISO meetings during which PDF proper, PDF/A, PDF/X and PDF/VT were discussed. ISO committees … Read more

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June 2020 by PDF Association staff
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Members should review this post carefully, as these changes affect your current access to PDF Association features including working group … Read more

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June 2020 by PDF Association staff
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The PDF Association is deepening its commitment to ISO standards development while driving research into enhancing the format and its … Read more

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May 2020 by PDF Association staff
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This October 2020 free webinar series celebrates the diversity of PDF technology capabilities and solutions. If you work with PDF … Read more

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