PDF Association logo

Discover pdfa.org

Key resources

Get involved

How do you find the right PDF technology vendor?
Use the Solution Agent to ask the entire PDF communuity!
The PDF Association celebrates its members’ public statements
of support
for ISO-standardized PDF technology.

Member Area


A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

Tagged PDF Q & A

March 2024 by PDF Association staff
PDF Association news


Authoritative answers to common questions about Tagged PDF, WTPDF and PDF/UA.

PDF Association logo
Visit PDF Association staff's profile.

March 2024 by Peter Wyatt
Peter Wyatt
Visit Peter Wyatt‘s profile.

How meaningful is PDF’s version number? SafeDocs’ research reveals that 20% of extant files contain features that exceed the stated … Read more

Article

March 2024 by Peter Wyatt
Peter Wyatt
Visit Peter Wyatt‘s profile.

Peter Wyatt shares his custom metadata panels – very useful for discovering ISO standards and PDF Declarations metadata! (until vendors … Read more

Article

March 2024 by PDF Association staff
PDF Association logo
Visit PDF Association staff‘s profile.

Based on WTPDF, ISO 14289-2 serves to assure institutions that the PDF Association’s requirements for creating and validating accessible PDF … Read more

PDF Association news

March 2024 by PDF Association staff
PDF Association logo
Visit PDF Association staff‘s profile.

Join pdfa.org for exclusive member benefits tailored to PDF development. Our Member Benefit Manager, Melina, engages in insightful discussions with … Read more

PDF Association news

March 2024 by PDF Association staff
PDF Association logo
Visit PDF Association staff‘s profile.

The latest veraPDF release candidate adds PDF/UA-2 support. LibreOffice creates PDF/A and PDF/UA together. A “white paper” gets PDF wrong, … Read more

PDF in the Wild

March 2024 by PDF Association staff
PDF Association logo
Visit PDF Association staff‘s profile.

The PDF Association has established a new Liaison Working Group (LWG) to serve as a place for forensics experts and … Read more

PDF Association news

February 2024 by PDF Association staff
PDF Association logo
Visit PDF Association staff‘s profile.

Well-Tagged PDF (WTPDF), a common specification for both reuse and accessibility, is a massive leap forward for PDF technology.

PDF Association news

February 2024 by Duff Johnson
Duff Johnson
Visit Duff Johnson‘s profile.

It’s time for AI integrators to help authors make semantically rich documents… and step up their game on PDF inputs.

Article

February 2024 by PDF Association staff
PDF Association logo
Visit PDF Association staff‘s profile.

PDF Week Online 2024 week 2 is coming up! Did you know that PDF 2.0 adds ARIA to PDF? How … Read more

PDF in the Wild

February 2024 by PDF Association staff
PDF Association logo
Visit PDF Association staff‘s profile.

All PDF Association Full and Liaison Members who have joined Technical and/or Liaison Working Groups are welcome for two weeks … Read more

PDF Association news

Member News

WordPress Cookie Notice by Real Cookie Banner