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A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

A case study in PDF forensics: The Epstein PDFs

This article details a PDF forensics case study on a small, random selection of the Epstein PDF files released by the US Department of Justice (DoJ). The tranche contains 4,085 PDF files, with an estimated 5,879 remaining unreleased. Key findings include:

  • A difference in PDF version reporting between forensic tools.
  • The presence of two incremental updates.
  • The discovery of a hidden (orphaned) document information dictionary revealing the software used in processing.
  • The DoJ avoided JPEG images to prevent metadata leakage.
  • Overall, the DoJ’s sanitization workflow could be improved to reduce file size and information leakage.
Peter Wyatt

By Peter Wyatt
December 2025

How to help AI get the most from legacy archives

November 2019 by Thomas Zellmann
Article


AI applications for business intelligence processing can extract information from unstructured “born digital” documents, but many archives include years (or decades) of low quality PDF files and older scanned documents … Read more

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November 2019 by Duff Johnson
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Apple’s desktop suite, Pages, Keynote and Numbers, now supports creation of tagged (and thus, accessible and reusable) PDF.

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October 2019 by PDF Association staff
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In the late 1990s Karl’s ‘Planet PDF’ created a worldwide PDF community and went on to found successful companies leveraging … Read more

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October 2019 by Duff Johnson
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As of October 7, 2019, websites and mobile applications in the U.S. will be assessed as “public accommodations”, and the … Read more

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October 2019 by PDF Association staff
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These vulnerabilities require an attacker to modify an encrypted PDF file, potentially leading to the exfiltration of the document’s contents … Read more

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October 2019 by Thomas Zellmann
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To survive a great flood Noah brought pairs from every species aboard his ark. But is this approach – gathering … Read more

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September 2019 by Duff Johnson
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Earlier this year we covered the release of the Mueller Report covering the Special Counsel’s investigation into Russian interference in … Read more

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September 2019 by PDF Association staff
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Today the PDF Association publishes a new feature for PDF: a standardized mechanism allowing authors to define and share their … Read more

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September 2019 by PDF Association staff (TWAIN Working Group)
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The TWAIN Working Group, a liaison member of the PDF Association, has just announced the release of TWAIN Direct, their … Read more

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August 2019 by PDF Association staff
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SQL Server’s Reporting Services will soon support the ISO standard for accessible PDF.

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August 2019 by PDF Association staff
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Event description Agenda Book now! Hotel recommendations PDF Days Europe 2020, the PDF industry’s premiere event, will take place in … Read more

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